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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic diseases constitute a global health burden in numerous developing countries mainly due to fecal contamination of water and food, lack of adequate basic sanitation, environmental and socio-cultural factors enhancing parasitic transmissions. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation and to identify risk factors associated with parasitic infestation among the school children of Biratnagar Submetropolitan. Materials and Methods: The cross?sectional study was conducted in Grade VI, VII and VIII in Government and private schools of Biratnagar. Stratified random sampling method was applied to choose the schools and the study subjects. The Chi?square test was used to measure the association of risk factors and parasitic infestation. Results: Overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation among the school children was 35.5 percent. Around 15.5% of the study population was found to be infested with helminthes and 20% of the study population was protozoa infected. Hookworm species was found higher (6.5%) in comparison to other worms i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides (5.5%), Trichuris trichuria (2.5%) and Hymenolepsis nana (1.0%). Regarding protozoal infestation, Giardia Lamblia was seen higher (12.5%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica (7.5%). Irregular bath, not using soap after defecation, not wearing sandals, unhygienic skin, nail and clothes cleanliness, habit of nail biting and thumb sucking were found to be significant relationship in the causation of intestinal parasitic infestation. Conclusions: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation was found to be high in school children of Biratnagar. Poor personal hygiene and sanitary condition are supposed to play an important role in establishing intestinal parasitic infections.

Hypertension is a public health problem which has cut across all spheres of life and walks of life. From the literature review, the researcher has found that most hypertensive patients are less engaged in healthy behaviours because of knowledge deficit. The literature reviews also indicated that gender, age, level of education, lifestyle, and compliance to treatment regimen had significant association with healthy behaviours in patients with hypertension.

Sickle cell anaemia is single point mutation in position 6 of globin chain by valine replacing glutamic acid resulting to sickling and polymerization of red blood cells. This affects the supply of oxygen and vaso-occulisve crisis may set causing many systemic damages and creates great burden to the parents and the entire society.The burden of sickle cell anaemia is still high in Africa not minding the level of awareness in the society. The selective protective advantage of protection of sickle cell trait due the endemicity of malaria may be a major factor on the burden level in Africa as well as some culture. More sickle cell education should be given in public places and included in the curriculum of different levels of education for prevention.

Hypertension means high pressure in the arteries; it is commonly known as high blood pressure. Blood pressure from 120/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg is called pre-hypertension, blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg is considered high. Elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, hardening of the arteries, eye damage and stroke. These complications of hypertension are often called target organ damage, because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic high blood pressure. Most people with hypertension do not have any symptoms in the early stages, symptoms only appear after target organs are damaged. These symptoms are usually due to target organ damage and their manifestations depend on the affected organ. For this reason, regular screening of people with symptoms is essential for early diagnosis, treatment, and control of high blood pressure. Early diagnosis, treatment, and optimal control of hypertension are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality from hypertension-related diseases. A family history of hypertension shows that people with high blood pressure are nearly 6 times more likely to have high blood pressure than people with high blood pressure. People without the disease and those with high income levels are three times more likely to have high blood pressure. The greater the body mass, the more blood is needed to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles and other tissues. Salt consumption and hypertension Sodium and salt intake remains controversial as a risk factor for hypertension, although it is true that some people are particularly sensitive to sodium. Physical activity and hypertension Inactive adolescents are more likely to have high blood pressure. Excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease of humans that is caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma that infect the host via water contact, especially in underdeveloped areas with limited access to sanitary facilities. A number of schistosome species, including S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. guineensis, and S. intercalatum, are known to cause human schistosomiasis, which has two main forms: urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis. The transmission of schistosomiasis is controlled by broader social elements over and above the biological life cycle, with interactions between the factors dictating vulnerability to schistosomiasis. Poor sanitation and hygiene, the practice of eating raw vegetables and failing to wash one\'s hands before eating, a lack of access to safe water, open defecation, taking a bath, fishing, washing of clothes, and inadequate access to medical care can all contribute to the development of severe schistosomiasis in people. However, it is also considered a high-risk area for schistosomiasis infection due to the daily activities of the fishermen, who often engage in activities such as bathing, swimming, and washing clothes in the water bodies. Furthermore, the lack of public latrines nearby leads to some fishermen and fish processors easing themselves in open fields near lake shores, putting them at even higher risk.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease mainly acquired through consumption of infected animal products such as milk and meat. It is one of the leading zoonotic diseases and is a serious public health concern in endemic areas.Specifically, the review aimed at updating the burden of brucellosis in Uganda.Different research engines were utilised in writing this paper such as web of science, Pubmed Central, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Academia Edu, etc.Prevalence of Brucellosis is low in Uganda. Being a Butcher, Milking, drinking raw milk are highly associated with brucellosis. The commonly used antimicrobials to manage Brucellosis are highly active against brucella except rifampicin. Brucella infection should be among the plan for treatment of febrile illness alongside malaria and Typhoid. Support is needed to allow more analysis on isolates such as sequencing and phylogeny analysis to learn more on the management of Brucella Epidemiology and ecology in this region.